American Express's EMV contactless kernel (Kernel 4) binds the expiration date into static data covered by offline data authentication, producing a hash mismatch during signature validation if modified. This prevents the Zombie Card attack.
American Express's EMV contactless kernel (Kernel 4) binds the expiration date into static data covered by offline data authentication, producing a hash mismatch during signature validation if modified. This prevents the Zombie Card attack.